Tuesday, October 2, 2012

Replacing, or simply merging, finance is ? Horse in a Storm

College students would not have it easier, along with the unwanted weight regarding debts acquired while going through the one primary get worried for these people. Taking control of your debt is viewed necessary if they are to the particular lending products taken out and obtain lets start on their own lives. The best way to do this is through mortgage refinancing individual school loans utilizing a bad credit score.

Refinancing, and / or merging, a lending product is concerning reorientating prevailing funds, Discover More Here unbelivable a monetary encumbrance and also exhibiting typically the credit seekers having a possibility to experience some benefits. There are several loan combination products available, buying enough the terminology could vary, trying to pay back university or college bad debts the result is is very advantageous.

The crucial element issue, nevertheless, is usually that the fiscal troubles are Click Here reduced. Employing intent behind the credit, there might need to be certain energy arrive at encourage banking institutions how the education loan is going to be repaid in full. As soon as that seems more complicated as compared to expected, after that consolidation plan could make the visible difference.

No doubt which will privately owned education loans along with unfavorable credit ratings is extremely high-priced, especially when 5 if not more mortgages tend to be concurrent. But, amalgamation can ease the strain, enabling this purchaser establish a a lot more economical compensation construction and eventually, discover them stay away from personal bankruptcy.

Loan consolidation is the reason why man or woman loans are bought out with a particular loan. Since each one personal loan seems to have distinct t?s and c?s, replacing these with a unitary personal debt complete with a sole annual percentage rate, makes the position much more achievable. Trying to pay back school debts, for that reason, becomes simpler much too.

Also, together with the figuratively speaking returned in its entirety, the credit rating in the client is elevated, and therefore long term future lending products are generally collateralled at beneficial phrases too. This is the win-win scenario, essentially.

Typically the terms of any sort of fiscal deal are incredibly very important, and it is just the same in relation to joining together non-public student loan together with bad credit. The top provisions mean the most significant financial benefits can be made, however you can get aspects that need to be believed to increase the benefit. Main amid these is where the sufferer financing usually are private or even federal government financial loans.

The reason that for just about any is that often most of these loan product types will not mix clearly inside of a merging process. A person loan combination technique, such as, must slash the debt with the help of improved upon mortgage rates as well as an expanded mortgage phrase, though federal government lending options currently present a low interest rate so your result is not exact. Paying school bills from united states lending options takes a unique program.

Not surprisingly, in both cases amalgamation is a good plan of action, when using the challenge with fixing the debt as a result of numerous student loans created even more workable.

Determining for your consolidation process is just not tricky, however there are actually typically a few puts at risk scholars will have to get. Any sort of adjustments are worth the item, obviously, because eradicating private loans along with a bad credit score gets a massive bodyweight from people back.

Usual conditions intended for national combination applications include that the student need to be tremendously struggling with debt, normally as small as possible involving $10,One thousand. However, if trying to repay school debt made by individual lending products, the situation varies as the transaction is the platform for the lender to develop a gain.

So that it is much easier to get approval, even though interest rates are high the longer term from the consolidation loan makes the whole your payments small. At one time agreement comes along as a result of, the coed mortgage loan are usually eliminated for excellent.

Source: http://horse-in-a-storm.com/replacing-or-simply-merging-finance-is/

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The LITFL Review 078 - Life in the Fast Lane medical education blog

Welcome to the extravagant ?77th edition!

The LITFL Review is your regular and reliable source for the highest highlights, sneakiest sneak peaks and loudest shout-outs from the webbed world of emergency medicine and critical care. Each week the LITFL team casts the spotlight on the best and brightest from the blogosphere, the podcast video/audiosphere and the rest of the Web 2.0 social media jungle to find the most fantastic EM/CC FOAM (Free Open Access Meducation) around.

The Most Fair Dinkum Ripper Beaut of the Week

  • The Ripper of the week title is taken out by Reuben over at Emergency Medicine Updates?with his mind blowing post on??The Usual State of Readiness. In this?Rueben?discusses ?the concept of having cognitive readiness in ?critical situations, and says most of this can achieved through practicing invisible simulation. Remember:?Memory fails when catecholamines are?high; planning for emergency scenarios involves the development and deployment of emergency references.

The LITFL Review Top Picks

?Emergency Physicians Monthly

UMEM Educational Pearls

This weeks pearl is from EMCC guru Michael Winters on?The Lung Transplant Patient in Your ED:

  • The number of lung transplant recipients is increasing.? With improved immunosuppressant medications, pts are living longer.? In fact, the 5-yr survival rate is now approximately 60%.
  • When evaluating a lung transplant pt who is < 1 yr following transplant, think about?acute rejection?and?infection
  • Acute rejection occurs in up to 40% of pts, can present with cough, SOB, malaise, or hypoxia, and is treated with high-dose corticosteroids.
  • Infection
    • Bacterial infections usually occur in the early stages following transplant, with?Pseudomonas?the predominant organism
    • CMV is the most common organism affecting up to 33% of pts during the first year after transplant

The Poison Review

EmergencyLondon

This weeks grand round is by Ryan Arbeau presenting on The Disabled Athlete?

Radiology Signs

  • Subacute subdural haematoma?-?can be difficult to identify on non-contrast CT as the blood is isodense to brain parenchyma (the same density).
  • Ankle ABC?s. A nice neat approach to reducing ankle fractures. Do you X-ray before or after reduction?
  • What does A Bad Haircut?and emergency medicine have in common? A lot actually?Worth reading especially junior doctors and nurses!
  • Steve provides us with a great introductory podcast into?Non-invasive Ventilation, from when to, how to, and when not to use NIV!
  • Interesting Case: The Answer- The dang factor strikes again!
  • The Chest Tube Autotransfuser?-?Bottom line: Although shed blood from the chest looks like whole blood, it?s missing key coagulation factors and will not clot. Reinfusing it will boost oxygen carrying capacity, but it won?t help with clotting.

KeeWeeDoc

Dr Smith?s ECG Blog

Broome Docs

The LITFL Review Shout Out of the Week

thebluntdissection

This weeks shout-out goes to new Aussie blogging sensation- Chris Partyka over at?thebluntdissection. Chris is a training ED Doctor with a passion for resuscitation, ultrasound and education. Check some of Chris? post below;

Twee Dee and Twitical Care

News from the Fastlane

  • Michelle put us on our toes and?challenges?us ethically in?Household Words Chapter 1.
  • Chris provides us with a fascinating video from Ben Goldacre on?Bad Pharma?- A must watch!
  • Unfortunately?no LITFL Review next week as I will be busy over at?ICEN 2012.

The Final Words

  • ?A true leader has the confidence to stand alone, the courage to make tough decisions and the compassion to listen to the needs of others. He does not set out to be a leader but becomes one by the quality of his actions and the integrity of his intent.?

?-Douglas MacArthur

  • ?Patients don?t come to us for judgement. They come to us for care.?

-Greg Henry

That?s it for now?

Hopefully this roundup of the world of electronic emergency medicine and critical care education for everyone helps you to deal with anyone, anything, anywhere at anytime for at least another week! If you?d like to suggest something for inclusion in the next edition of The LITFL Review, email kane AT lifeinthefastlane.com

LITFL Review EM/CC Educational Social Media Round Up

123Sonography.com???Academic Life in Emergency Medicine???Adventure Medicine???A Life at Risk???All LA Conference???Al Sacchetti?s Youtube???Bedside Ultrasound???Better in Emergency Medicine???Broome Docs???CCM-L.org???CLIC-EM???Critical Care Perspectives in EM???Dave on Airways??DrGDH???Dr Smith?s ECG Blog???ECG Academy??ECG of the Week?ED Exam???EDTCC???EKG Videos???EM Basic???EM Core Content???EMCrit???Emergency Medical Abstracts??EMERJENCYWEBB??EmergencyLondon???Emergency Medicine Cases???Emergency Medicine Education???Emergency Medicine News???Emergency Medicine Ireland???Emergency Medicine Tutorials?Emergency Medicine Updates??Emergucate??EM Literature of Note???empem.org? ??EMpills? ??Emergency Physicians Monthly???EM Lyceum???EMProcedures???EMRAP????EMRAP: Educators? Edition???EMRAP.TV????ER CAST???Free Emergency Medicine Talks???GMEP???Gmergency!????Greater Sydney Area HEMS???HQmeded.com? ??ICU Rounds???Impactednurse???Intensive Care Network??iTeachEM?-?Keeping Up With Emergency Medicine???KeeWeeDoc???LipheLongLurnERdok? ??MDaware???MD+ CALC? ??MedEDMasters? ??Medical Education Videos???Medicina d?urgenza???Medicine for the Outdoors???Micrognome???Movin? Meat???Neurointensive Care???Pediatric EM Morsels???PEM ED???PHARM???Practical Evidence??Priceless Electrical Activity???Procedurettes???PulmCCM.org???Radiology Signs???Radiopaedia???Resus.com.au???Resus.ME???RESUS Room???Richard Winters? Physician Leadership???SCANCRIT???SCCM Blogs????SCCM Podcast???SEMEP???SinaiEM???SinaiEM Ultrasound????SMART EM?????SonoSpot???StEmylns???Takeokun???thebluntdissection?The Central Line???The Ember Project??The Emergency Medicine Resident Blog????The NNT? ??The Poison Review???The Sharp End???The Short Coat????The Trauma Professional?s Blog???The Underneaths of EM???ToxTalk???TJdogma???Twin Cities Toxicology???Ultrarounds???Ultrasound Podcast???UMEM Educational Pearls? ??Ultrasound Village

Source: http://lifeinthefastlane.com/2012/10/the-litfl-review-078/

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Browser Speed Tests, Mac Edition: Chrome 22, Firefox 15, Safari 6, and Opera 12.02 [Browser Speed Tests]

Browser Speed Tests, Mac Edition: Chrome 22, Firefox 15, Safari 6, and Opera 12.02Now that Mountain Lion's out with a shiny new version of Safari 6, we thought it time to revisit our browser speed tests. As always, we're pitting the four most popular browsers?this time, on a Mac?against one another in a battle of startup speed, tab loading prowess, and lots more.

We've been testing browsers for awhile, and we've refined our method pretty well. It's a good mix of both manually timed user experience measures and hardcore JavaScript and CSS benchmarks, plus some new tests aimed at features like Chrome's prerendering or Firefox's on demand tab loading can really do. All tests this time around take place on a MacBook Air using a built-in SSD (which is why startup times were so quick). Since it's on a completely different machine and we refine our tests a bit each time, don't compare these numbers to our old tests?just look at the results of the tests we ran this week.

And, as always, remember that speed is not the only thing each browser has to offer. Each browser has a number of unique features and characteristics, all of which you should factor into making your choice of which to use. However, while most features can be listed on their home pages, you can't easily compare their speed just from each browser's changelog, and that's why we've put this together. It's just one more way to compare the browsers as you make your decision. Also remember that everyone's computer and setup is different, and your numbers may differ from ours depending on your resources, the extensions you use, and the sites you visit, but this should give you a good idea of how each browser handles day-to-day use.

Cold Boot-Up Winner: Safari!

Browser Speed Tests, Mac Edition: Chrome 22, Firefox 15, Safari 6, and Opera 12.02Having an SSD in our computer made all of our browsers start up insanely fast, and it's one of the reasons we recommend an SSD as your next upgrade. However, there were still some differences between each program, with Safari inching in at almost a second to start up. Opera was the only other standout, taking above 1.5 seconds on average.

Tab Loading Winner: Firefox!

Browser Speed Tests, Mac Edition: Chrome 22, Firefox 15, Safari 6, and Opera 12.02Firefox shockingly took the front spot when it came to loading nine tabs at once, taking a mere 7 seconds to finish loading all nine. Chrome was close behind, with Safari taking about 9 seconds and Opera coming in last place with over 10.

URL Loading Winner: Chrome!

Browser Speed Tests, Mac Edition: Chrome 22, Firefox 15, Safari 6, and Opera 12.02Once again, Chrome's prerendering feature shows its genius, opening pages nearly instantaneously when visited from the menu bar?as long as we had visited that page once during that session. Safari was surprisingly close behind, with Firefox in third place, taking a bit under a second. Opera, on the other hand, didn't fare so well, more than doubling the time of the next slowest browser.

Cold Restore Winner: Opera!

Browser Speed Tests, Mac Edition: Chrome 22, Firefox 15, Safari 6, and Opera 12.02This is still our toughest test. It's designed to test Firefox's on-demand tab loading feature, which aims to make the browser usable more quickly when it restores a large session of tabs. As such, we tried to test a cold restore with nine tabs and stopped the timer when the browser finished its initial "work"?that means Firefox and Opera smoked the others, since they only loaded one or two tabs at a time (and then stopped or loaded the others leisurely), while Chrome and Safari tried to load all of their tabs at once, crushing the browser and making it slow down. Despite Firefox's "load one tab only" approach, Opera still does a fantastic job of loading your first tab and being ready to go in just a few seconds flat.

RoboHornet Winner: Safari!

Browser Speed Tests, Mac Edition: Chrome 22, Firefox 15, Safari 6, and Opera 12.02Mozilla's Dromaeo tests have not only become outdated, but we've started having trouble with crashes trying to run them. So, we're using the brand-new RoboHornet benchmark that's been the buzz around town. It's a community-driven benchmark that tests things like scrolling, canvas, DOM, SVG, and JavaScript to try and give a more accurate, well-rounded picture of your browser's speed. It's still in the early stages, and it's facing lots of praise and a fair amount of criticism. However, that's to be expected as a microbenchmark, and while it isn't the most real-world test, we'd be remiss not to include it. Safari and Chrome came out on top, while Firefox and Opera lagged behind a bit in their tests. for more information on RoboHornet's scoring system, check out this page.

Memory Usage (with Nine Tabs Open) Winner: Safari!

Browser Speed Tests, Mac Edition: Chrome 22, Firefox 15, Safari 6, and Opera 12.02Safari absolutely smoked the other browsers in terms of memory usage. It wasn't very consistent?sometimes it would take up only 50MB or so, other times it would jump up to 100MB?but it was still nowhere near the huge levels of memory the other browsers ate up. Firefox and Opera took up around 300MB, while Chrome gorged itself on over 500MB of RAM.

Memory Usage (with Nine Tabs and Five Extensions) Winner: Safari!

Browser Speed Tests, Mac Edition: Chrome 22, Firefox 15, Safari 6, and Opera 12.02Even with five extensions, Safari absolutely pummeled the other browsers in memory usage. Chrome stayed absurdly high, taking up over a gig of RAM, while Opera gobbled up enough memory to push Firefox into a nice spot at second place.

Overall Scores

As always, overall scores are pretty meaningless, but everyone likes to see a winner. So for those of you handing out trophies, the scores are:

  1. Safari: 78%
  2. Firefox: 64%
  3. Chrome: 60%
  4. Opera: 46%

Safari just rules on the Mac, which is no surprise since it's literally built alongside OS X for optimal operation. Firefox fared surprisingly well, with Chrome not too far behind (except in the memory tests) while Opera took a pretty distant last place. As always, you should look at the individual scores above to see which browser is faster in the areas you care about?if you don't like Firefox's new tabs on demand, for example, Chrome may be "faster" for you in the ways that matter.


Our tests aren't the most scientific on the planet, but they do reflect a relatively accurate view of the kind of experience you'd get from each browser, speed-wise. Let us know if your experience differs-or if the speed losses are worth the browser's other features-in the comments.

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/eK8xsO78o-Y/browser-speed-tests-mac-edition-chrome-22-firefox-15-safari-6-and-opera-1202

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New Selena Gomez Tattoo Honors Family Member

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2012/10/new-selena-gomez-new-tattoo-honors-family-member/

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10 Things to Know for Tuesday

FILE - In this 2010 photo provided by Red Bull Stratos, Felix Baumgartner makes a 25,000-foot high test jump for Red Bull Stratos. On Monday, Oct. 8, 2012 over New Mexico, Baumgartner will attempt to jump higher and faster in a free fall than anyone ever before and become the first skydiver to break the sound barrier. (AP Photo/Red Bull Stratos, Luke Aikins)

FILE - In this 2010 photo provided by Red Bull Stratos, Felix Baumgartner makes a 25,000-foot high test jump for Red Bull Stratos. On Monday, Oct. 8, 2012 over New Mexico, Baumgartner will attempt to jump higher and faster in a free fall than anyone ever before and become the first skydiver to break the sound barrier. (AP Photo/Red Bull Stratos, Luke Aikins)

Walid Moallem, Foreign Minister of Syria, addresses the 67th session of the United Nations General Assembly at U.N. headquarters, Monday, Oct. 1, 2012. (AP Photo/Jason DeCrow)

Opposition supporters reacts on the street in Tbilisi Georgia, Monday, Oct.1, 2012. Georgia's opposition coalition 'Georgian Dream' is leading the country's just-concluded parliamentary elections, according to the exit polls of a U.S.-based exit poll specialist company Edison Research and a Germany-based market research company GfK on Monday. Voters in Georgia are choosing a new parliament in a heated election Monday that will decide the future of President Mikhail Saakashvili's government. (AP Photo / Efrem Lukatsky)

Your daily look at late-breaking news, upcoming events and the stories that will be talked about Tuesday:

1. SYRIA OFFICIAL SAYS U.S. PROMOTES TERRORISM

The foreign minister tells the U.N. that the media is also to blame for escalating war in his country.

2. MINNESOTA SHOOTER'S FAMILY TRIED TO GET HIM TREATMENT

But state law restricted them from forcing him into a mental health program.

3. WHY A NIGERIAN SUING SHELL OIL IS BEFORE THE SUPREME COURT

The justices debate their role when U.S. companies are alleged to be involved in abuses on foreign soil.

4. BOTH SIDES SAY THEY WON GEORGIA'S ELECTION

All say they'll respect the results when they are announced Tuesday if international observers say they are legitimate.

5. IMPERFECT SCIENCE: STUDY FINDS INCREASING FRAUD IN RESEARCH

Some pin the blame on pressure to hit it big, and on what seems to be more deception in overall society.

6. SKYDIVER VS. SOUND BARRIER

From 23 miles up, "Fearless Felix" hopes to reach 690 mph, or Mach 1, next Monday with only a pressurized suit and helmet for protection.

7. WHEN IT PAYS TO ANSWER THE PHONE (FINALLY)

Composer Chris Thile ignored what he thought were election-year robocalls. Actually, it was news he's getting a $500,000 "genius grant."

8. NEW YORK ATTORNEY GENERAL SUES JPMORGAN

The suit is the first action under Obama's program to prosecute alleged misconduct leading to the financial crisis.

9. JUDGE MUST DECIDE TUESDAY IF PENNA. VOTER ID LAW STAYS

The ruling could sway who wins the state in the presidential election.

10. YAHOO! IT'S A BOY FOR NEW CEO

Marissa Mayer adds first-time mother to the challenges ahead as she moves the Internet company in a new direction.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2012-10-01-10-Things-to-Know-Tuesday/id-666de4240d9c443886114cee72aedac0

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Monday, October 1, 2012

Chaos theory and a little physics predict the outcome at the roulette table

ScienceDaily (Oct. 1, 2012) ? At first glance, a roulette table looks like a jumble of numbers and a randomly hopping little white ball. But with a better understanding of physics and some general knowledge of the starting conditions, it may be possible to shift the odds of winning a little in your favor. According to new research published in the American Institute of Physics' journal Chaos, by knowing some of the starting conditions -- such as the speed of the spin and the rotation of the ball -- this game of chance starts to look a little less random.

Under normal conditions, according to the researchers, the anticipated return on a random roulette bet is -2.7 percent. By applying their calculations to a casino-grade roulette wheel and using a simple clicker device, the researchers were able to achieve an average return of 18 percent, well above what would be expected from a random bet.

With more complete information, such as monitoring by an overhead camera, the researchers were able to improve their accuracy even further. This highly intrusive scheme, however, could not be deployed under normal gambling conditions. The researchers also observed that even a slight tilt in the wheel would produce a very pronounced bias, which could be exploited to substantially improve the accuracy of their predictions.

This model, however, does not take into account the minor changes of the friction of the surfaces, the level of the wheel, or the manner in which the croupier plays the ball -- any of which would thwart the advantage of the physicist/gambler. The gambler, the researchers conclude, can rest assured that the game is on some level predictable, and therefore inherently honest.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by American Institute of Physics (AIP), via Newswise.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Michael Small, Chi Kong Tse. Predicting the outcome of roulette. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 2012; 22 (3): 033150 DOI: 10.1063/1.4753920

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/bftGpcADXYA/121001110657.htm

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New insights on control of pituitary hormone outside of brain has implications for breast cancer

New insights on control of pituitary hormone outside of brain has implications for breast cancer [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 30-Sep-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Karen Kreeger
karen.kreeger@uphs.upenn.edu
215-349-5658
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

PHILADELPHIA - The hormone prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and then travels via the bloodstream to cells throughout the body, where it exerts multiple reproductive and metabolic effects, most notably on the breast where it is the master regulator of lactation. In recent years researchers have found that prolactin is also produced by some tissues outside the brain, however little is known about the functions of extra-pituitary prolactin or how its production is regulated in these tissues.

Now, the laboratory of Lewis A. Chodosh, MD, PhD, chair of the Department of Cancer Biology at the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, reports in Genes & Development that activation of the PI3K-Akt oncogenic signaling pathway in the mammary glands of mice rapidly induces cells in the breast itself to produce prolactin. This, in turn, triggers Stat5 activation, mammary epithelial differentiation and milk production in virgin mice within a matter of hours.

"Remarkably, these changes occur in the absence of any of the complex hormonal changes or developmental programs that normally accompany pregnancy" explains Chodosh.

Consistent with a physiological role for prolactin outside of the brain, the Penn team found that mice bearing mutant Akt genes fail to activate Stat5 or initiate lactation when they give birth due to an inability to synthesize and secrete prolactin in the mammary gland, despite normal levels of circulating prolactin in the blood.

These findings provide the first demonstration that the synthesis and secretion of mammary gland prolactin is regulated by PI3K-Akt signaling and identify a physiological function for extra-pituitary prolactin during a critical developmental stage that is essential for the survival of mammalian offspring.

What's more, prolactin has long been thought to play a role in human breast cancer, however this has typically been assumed to be due to circulating prolactin produced by the pituitary. Since the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is commonly activated in human cancers, this new finding suggests the important possibility that prolactin produced by the breast itself may play a role in breast cancer. In fact, mammary prolactin has been detected in some human breast cancers. As such, investigators have proposed that prolactin produced by the mammary gland rather than by the pituitary may play a direct role in the development of breast cancer, for example by providing pro-growth or pro-survival signals to cancer cells in the breast. Accordingly, anti-cancer drugs aimed at blocking the effects of prolactin are currently under development.

"Since the PI3K-Akt pathway is one of the most commonly activated oncogenic pathways in human cancer, its identification as an upstream regulator of prolactin production in the mammary gland has intriguing potential implications for understanding the pathology of human breast cancer and as well as improving its treatment," notes Chodosh.

###

Co-authors are Chien-Chung Chen, Douglas B. Stairs, Robert B. Boxer, George K. Belka, and James V. Alvarez, all from Penn and Nelson D. Horseman, from the University of Cincinnati. This research was supported in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute U01 CA105490 and R01 CA098371, the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program, and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.

Penn Medicine is one of the world's leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation's first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $4.3 billion enterprise.

The Perelman School of Medicine is currently ranked #2 in U.S. News & World Report's survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation's top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with $479.3 million awarded in the 2011 fiscal year.

The University of Pennsylvania Health System's patient care facilities include: The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania -- recognized as one of the nation's top "Honor Roll" hospitals by U.S. News & World Report; Penn Presbyterian Medical Center; and Pennsylvania Hospital the nation's first hospital, founded in 1751. Penn Medicine also includes additional patient care facilities and services throughout the Philadelphia region.

Penn Medicine is committed to improving lives and health through a variety of community-based programs and activities. In fiscal year 2011, Penn Medicine provided $854 million to benefit our community.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


New insights on control of pituitary hormone outside of brain has implications for breast cancer [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 30-Sep-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Karen Kreeger
karen.kreeger@uphs.upenn.edu
215-349-5658
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

PHILADELPHIA - The hormone prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and then travels via the bloodstream to cells throughout the body, where it exerts multiple reproductive and metabolic effects, most notably on the breast where it is the master regulator of lactation. In recent years researchers have found that prolactin is also produced by some tissues outside the brain, however little is known about the functions of extra-pituitary prolactin or how its production is regulated in these tissues.

Now, the laboratory of Lewis A. Chodosh, MD, PhD, chair of the Department of Cancer Biology at the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, reports in Genes & Development that activation of the PI3K-Akt oncogenic signaling pathway in the mammary glands of mice rapidly induces cells in the breast itself to produce prolactin. This, in turn, triggers Stat5 activation, mammary epithelial differentiation and milk production in virgin mice within a matter of hours.

"Remarkably, these changes occur in the absence of any of the complex hormonal changes or developmental programs that normally accompany pregnancy" explains Chodosh.

Consistent with a physiological role for prolactin outside of the brain, the Penn team found that mice bearing mutant Akt genes fail to activate Stat5 or initiate lactation when they give birth due to an inability to synthesize and secrete prolactin in the mammary gland, despite normal levels of circulating prolactin in the blood.

These findings provide the first demonstration that the synthesis and secretion of mammary gland prolactin is regulated by PI3K-Akt signaling and identify a physiological function for extra-pituitary prolactin during a critical developmental stage that is essential for the survival of mammalian offspring.

What's more, prolactin has long been thought to play a role in human breast cancer, however this has typically been assumed to be due to circulating prolactin produced by the pituitary. Since the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is commonly activated in human cancers, this new finding suggests the important possibility that prolactin produced by the breast itself may play a role in breast cancer. In fact, mammary prolactin has been detected in some human breast cancers. As such, investigators have proposed that prolactin produced by the mammary gland rather than by the pituitary may play a direct role in the development of breast cancer, for example by providing pro-growth or pro-survival signals to cancer cells in the breast. Accordingly, anti-cancer drugs aimed at blocking the effects of prolactin are currently under development.

"Since the PI3K-Akt pathway is one of the most commonly activated oncogenic pathways in human cancer, its identification as an upstream regulator of prolactin production in the mammary gland has intriguing potential implications for understanding the pathology of human breast cancer and as well as improving its treatment," notes Chodosh.

###

Co-authors are Chien-Chung Chen, Douglas B. Stairs, Robert B. Boxer, George K. Belka, and James V. Alvarez, all from Penn and Nelson D. Horseman, from the University of Cincinnati. This research was supported in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute U01 CA105490 and R01 CA098371, the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program, and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.

Penn Medicine is one of the world's leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation's first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $4.3 billion enterprise.

The Perelman School of Medicine is currently ranked #2 in U.S. News & World Report's survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation's top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with $479.3 million awarded in the 2011 fiscal year.

The University of Pennsylvania Health System's patient care facilities include: The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania -- recognized as one of the nation's top "Honor Roll" hospitals by U.S. News & World Report; Penn Presbyterian Medical Center; and Pennsylvania Hospital the nation's first hospital, founded in 1751. Penn Medicine also includes additional patient care facilities and services throughout the Philadelphia region.

Penn Medicine is committed to improving lives and health through a variety of community-based programs and activities. In fiscal year 2011, Penn Medicine provided $854 million to benefit our community.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-09/uops-nio092612.php

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